အက်ဖ်အက်စ် - အချက်အလက်

Feature Scaling (Scale Features)

When your data has different values, even using different measurement units, it may be difficult to compare them. How many kilograms is compared to meters? Or altitude compared to time?

The answer to this question is scaling. We can scale the data to new values that are easy to compare.

Please see the table below, which is similar to what we haveအရေးပါ ပြန်လည်One uses the same dataset in this chapter, but this time, the Volume column contains units in liters, not ccm (1.0 instead of 1000).

Car Model Volume Weight CO2
Toyota Aygo 1.0 790 99
Mitsubishi Space Star 1.2 1160 95
Skoda Citigo 1.0 929 95
Fiat 500 0.9 865 90
Mini Cooper 1.5 1140 105
VW Up! 1.0 929 105
Skoda Fabia 1.4 1109 90
Mercedes A-Class 1.5 1365 92
Ford Fiesta 1.5 1112 98
Audi A1 1.6 1150 99
Hyundai I20 1.1 980 99
Suzuki Swift 1.3 990 101
Ford Fiesta 1.0 1112 99
Honda Civic 1.6 1252 94
Hundai I30 1.6 1326 97
Opel Astra 1.6 1330 97
BMW 1 1.6 1365 99
Mazda 3 2.2 1280 104
Skoda Rapid 1.6 1119 104
Ford Focus 2.0 1328 105
Ford Mondeo 1.6 1584 94
Opel Insignia 2.0 1428 99
Mercedes C-Class 2.1 1365 99
Skoda Octavia 1.6 1415 99
Volvo S60 2.0 1415 99
Mercedes CLA 1.5 1465 102
Audi A4 2.0 1490 104
Audi A6 2.0 1725 114
Volvo V70 1.7 1523 109
BMW 5 2.0 1705 114
Mercedes E-Class 2.1 1605 115
Volvo XC70 2.0 1746 117
Ford B-Max 1.6 1235 104
BMW 2 1.6 1390 108
Opel Zafira 1.6 1405 109
Mercedes SLK 2.5 1395 120

很难将排量 1.0 与车重 790 进行比较，但是如果将它们都缩放为可比较的值，我们可以很容易地看到一个值与另一个值相比有多少。

缩放数据有多种方法，在本教程中，我们将使用一种称为标准化（standardization）的方法。

标准化方法使用以下公式：

z = (x - u) / s

其中 z 是新值，x 是原始值，u 是平均值，s 是标准差。

如果从上述数据集中获取 weight 列，则第一个值为 790，缩放后的值为：

(790 - 1292.23) / 238.74 = -2.1

如果从上面的数据集中获取 volume 列，则第一个值为 1.0，缩放后的值为：

(1.0 - 1.61) / 0.38 = -1.59

现在，您可以将 -2.1 与 -1.59 相比较，而不是比较 790 与 1.0。

您不必手动执行此操作，Python sklearn 模块有一个名为 StandardScaler() 的方法，该方法返回带有转换数据集方法的 Scaler 对象。

အက်ဥပဒေ

Weight နှင့် Volume လိုင်းများအား အစားထိုးလိုက်သည်။

import pandas
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scale = StandardScaler()
df = pandas.read_csv("cars2.csv")
X = df[['Weight', 'Volume']]
scaledX = scale.fit_transform(X)
print(scaledX)

ရလဒ်：

ကျွန်ုပ်တို့၏အစီရင်ခံစာများတွင် ပထမဆုံး နှစ်ခု သည် -2.1 နှင့် -1.59 ဖြစ်ပြီး ကျွန်ုပ်တို့၏အစီရင်ခံစာနှင့်ကိုစတင်ပြုလုပ်သည်။

[[-2.10389253 -1.59336644]]
 [-0.55407235 -1.07190106]
 [-1.52166278 -1.59336644]
 [-1.78973979 -1.85409913]
 [-0.63784641 -0.28970299]
 [-1.52166278 -1.59336644]
 [-0.76769621 -0.55043568]
 [ 0.3046118  -0.28970299]
 [-0.7551301  -0.28970299]
 [-0.59595938 -0.0289703 ]
 [-1.30803892 -1.33263375]
 [-1.26615189 -0.81116837]
 [-0.7551301  -1.59336644]
 [-0.16871166 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.14125238 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.15800719 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.3046118  -0.0289703 ]
 [-0.05142797  1.53542584]
 [-0.72580918 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.14962979  1.01396046]
 [ 1.2219378  -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.5685001   1.01396046]
 [ 0.3046118   1.27469315]
 [ 0.51404696 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.51404696  1.01396046]
 [ 0.72348212 -0.28970299]
 [ 0.8281997   1.01396046]
 [ 1.81254495  1.01396046]
 [ 0.96642691 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 1.72877089  1.01396046]
 [ 1.30990057  1.27469315]
 [ 1.90050772  1.01396046]
 [-0.23991961 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.40932938 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.47215993 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.4302729   2.31762392]

အခြေခံ တစ်ခု လိုက်

预测 CO2 值

အရေးပါ ပြန်လည်一章的任务是在仅知道汽车的重量和排量的情况下预测其排放的二氧化碳。

သိမ်းသွင်းထားသော အခြေခံ ပြန်လည် အခြေခံ တစ်ခု သုံးပြီး ခန့်မှန်းသည့် အခြေခံ အပိုင်း သုံးပြီး ပြီးဆုံးသည်

အက်ဥပဒေ

ပုံမှန် 2300 ကီဂါ အကျယ် 1.3 လက်မ အခြေအနေ မှ အက်တာဒို ပေါ်လွှာ ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်းကို ခန့်မှန်းရန်

import pandas
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scale = StandardScaler()
df = pandas.read_csv("cars2.csv")
X = df[['Weight', 'Volume']]
y = df['CO2']
scaledX = scale.fit_transform(X)
regr = linear_model.LinearRegression()
regr.fit(scaledX, y)
scaled = scale.transform([[2300, 1.3]])
predictedCO2 = regr.predict([scaled[0]])
print(predictedCO2)

ရလဒ်：

[107.2087328]

အခြေခံ တစ်ခု လိုက်