Machine Learning - Scaling

Feature Scaling (Scale Features)

When your data has different values, even using different units of measurement, it may be difficult to compare them. How many kilograms is compared to meters? Or altitude compared to time?

The answer to this question is scaling. We can scale the data to new values that are easy to compare.

Please see the table below, which is similar to what we haveTana Dabirin MulaninIn the first chapter, the same dataset is used, but this time, the Volume column contains units in liters instead of ccm (1.0 instead of 1000).

Car Model Volume Weight CO2
Toyota Aygo 1.0 790 99
Mitsubishi Space Star 1.2 1160 95
Skoda Citigo 1.0 929 95
Fiat 500 0.9 865 90
Mini Cooper 1.5 1140 105
VW Up! 1.0 929 105
Skoda Fabia 1.4 1109 90
Mercedes A-Class 1.5 1365 92
Ford Fiesta 1.5 1112 98
Audi A1 1.6 1150 99
Hyundai I20 1.1 980 99
Suzuki Swift 1.3 990 101
Ford Fiesta 1.0 1112 99
Honda Civic 1.6 1252 94
Hundai I30 1.6 1326 97
Opel Astra 1.6 1330 97
BMW 1 1.6 1365 99
Mazda 3 2.2 1280 104
Skoda Rapid 1.6 1119 104
Ford Focus 2.0 1328 105
Ford Mondeo 1.6 1584 94
Opel Insignia 2.0 1428 99
Mercedes C-Class 2.1 1365 99
Skoda Octavia 1.6 1415 99
Volvo S60 2.0 1415 99
Mercedes CLA 1.5 1465 102
Audi A4 2.0 1490 104
Audi A6 2.0 1725 114
Volvo V70 1.7 1523 109
BMW 5 2.0 1705 114
Mercedes E-Class 2.1 1605 115
Volvo XC70 2.0 1746 117
Ford B-Max 1.6 1235 104
BMW 2 1.6 1390 108
Opel Zafira 1.6 1405 109
Mercedes SLK 2.5 1395 120

很难将排量 1.0 与车重 790 进行比较，但是如果将它们都缩放为可比较的值，我们可以很容易地看到一个值与另一个值相比有多少。

缩放数据有多种方法，在本教程中，我们将使用一种称为标准化（standardization）的方法。

标准化方法使用以下公式：

z = (x - u) / s

其中 z 是新值，x 是原始值，u 是平均值，s 是标准差。

如果从上述数据集中获取 weight 列，则第一个值为 790，缩放后的值为：

(790 - 1292.23) / 238.74 = -2.1

如果从上面的数据集中获取 volume doki, duki na farko wata 1.0, duki na canza:

(1.0 - 1.61) / 0.38 = -1.59

Yanzu, kuma a iya samun -2.1 da -1.59 a kiyasta, kuma ba a iya kiyasta 790 da 1.0.

Ba a yarda yin a cikin hanyar, Python sklearn modul yana da sunan StandardScaler() way, wanda a yana shiga da kewayar dataset mai canza.

Anfani

A yantama girmi daki Weight da Volume daki daki irin duki:

import pandas
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scale = StandardScaler()
df = pandas.read_csv("cars2.csv")
X = df[['Weight', 'Volume']]
scaledX = scale.fit_transform(X)
print(scaledX)

Niyata:

Kware, dakiya dama na 2.1 da 1.59, da yin sanin da ake yi iya

[[-2.10389253 -1.59336644]]
 [-0.55407235 -1.07190106]
 [-1.52166278 -1.59336644]
 [-1.78973979 -1.85409913]
 [-0.63784641 -0.28970299]
 [-1.52166278 -1.59336644]
 [-0.76769621 -0.55043568]
 [ 0.3046118  -0.28970299]
 [-0.7551301  -0.28970299]
 [-0.59595938 -0.0289703 ]
 [-1.30803892 -1.33263375]
 [-1.26615189 -0.81116837]
 [-0.7551301  -1.59336644]
 [-0.16871166 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.14125238 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.15800719 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.3046118  -0.0289703 ]
 [-0.05142797  1.53542584]
 [-0.72580918 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.14962979  1.01396046]
 [ 1.2219378  -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.5685001   1.01396046]
 [ 0.3046118   1.27469315]
 [ 0.51404696 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.51404696  1.01396046]
 [ 0.72348212 -0.28970299]
 [ 0.8281997   1.01396046]
 [ 1.81254495  1.01396046]
 [ 0.96642691 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 1.72877089  1.01396046]
 [ 1.30990057  1.27469315]
 [ 1.90050772  1.01396046]
 [-0.23991961 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.40932938 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.47215993 -0.0289703 ]
 [ 0.4302729   2.31762392]

Ana Run Anfani

Tana nazarin Nata CO2

Tana Dabirin MulaninMakamun zama a nazarin CO2 domin mota da kai weight da volume daga baya, a yin nazarin a kai nazarin CO2.

Duba kafin kafin a amfani da rarrabawar kafin a yin nazarin nata:

Anfani

Tana nazarin CO2 ga kai 2300 kilogrami 1.3 litri mota:

import pandas
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scale = StandardScaler()
df = pandas.read_csv("cars2.csv")
X = df[['Weight', 'Volume']]
y = df['CO2']
scaledX = scale.fit_transform(X)
regr = linear_model.LinearRegression()
regr.fit(scaledX, y)
scaled = scale.transform([[2300, 1.3]])
predictedCO2 = regr.predict([scaled[0]])
print(predictedCO2)

Niyata:

[107.2087328]

Ana Run Anfani