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为了正确显示 HTML 页面，Web 浏览器必须知道要使用哪个字符集。
从 ASCII 到 UTF-8
ASCII 是第一个字符编码标准。ASCII 定义了 128 种可以在互联网上使用的字符：数字（0-9）、英文字母（A-Z）和一些特殊字符，比如：! $ + - ( ) @ < >。
ISO-8859-1 是 HTML 4 的默认字符集。此字符集支持 256 个不同的字符代码。HTML 4 同时支持 UTF-8。
ANSI（Windows-1252）是原始的 Windows 字符集。 ANSI 与 ISO-8859-1 相同，不同之处在于 ANSI 具有 32 个额外的字符。
HTML5 规范鼓励 Web 开发人员使用 UTF-8 字符集，该字符集涵盖了世界上几乎所有的字符和符号！
字符集之间的差异
下表展示了上述字符集之间的区别：
| Numb | ASCII | ANSI | 8859 | UTF-8 | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | space | ||||
| 33 | ! | ! | ! | ! | exclamation mark |
| 34 | " | " | " | " | quotation mark |
| 35 | # | # | # | # | number sign |
| 36 | $ | $ | $ | $ | dollar sign |
| 37 | % | % | % | % | percent sign |
| 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
| & | ampersand | ampersand | ampersand | ampersand | 39 |
| ' | apostrophe | apostrophe | apostrophe | apostrophe | 40 |
| ( | left parenthesis | left parenthesis | left parenthesis | left parenthesis | 41 |
| ) | right parenthesis | right parenthesis | right parenthesis | right parenthesis | * |
| asterisk | + | + | + | + | plus sign |
| 44 | , | , | , | , | comma |
| 45 | - | - | - | - | hyphen-minus |
| 46 | . | . | . | . | full stop |
| 47 | / | / | / | / | solidus |
| 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | digit zero |
| 49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | digit one |
| 50 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | digit two |
| 51 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | digit three |
| 52 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | digit four |
| 53 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | digit five |
| 54 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | digit six |
| 55 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | digit seven |
| 56 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | digit eight |
| 57 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | digit nine |
| 58 | : | : | : | : | colon |
| 59 | ; | ; | ; | ; | semicolon |
| 60 | < | < | < | < | less-than sign |
| 61 | = | = | = | = | equals sign |
| 62 | > | > | > | > | greater-than sign |
| 63 | ? | ? | ? | ? | question mark |
| 64 | @ | @ | @ | @ | commercial at |
| 65 | A | A | A | A | Latin capital letter A |
| 66 | B | B | B | B | Latin capital letter B |
| 67 | C | C | C | C | Latin capital letter C |
| 68 | D | D | D | D | Latin capital letter D |
| 69 | E | E | E | E | Latin capital letter E |
| 70 | F | F | F | F | Latin capital letter F |
| 71 | G | G | G | G | Latin capital letter G |
| 72 | H | H | H | H | Latin capital letter H |
| 73 | I | I | I | I | Latin capital letter I |
| 74 | J | J | J | J | Latin capital letter J |
| 75 | K | K | K | K | Latin capital letter K |
| 76 | L | L | L | L | Latin capital letter L |
| 77 | M | M | M | M | Latin capital letter M |
| 78 | N | N | N | N | Latin capital letter N |
| 79 | O | O | O | O | Latin capital letter O |
| 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | P |
| Latin capital letter P | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | Q |
| Latin capital letter Q | 82 | 82 | 82 | 82 | R |
| Latin capital letter R | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | S |
| Latin capital letter S | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | T |
| Latin capital letter T | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | U |
| Latin capital letter U | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | V |
| Latin capital letter V | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | W |
| Latin capital letter W | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | X |
| Latin capital letter X | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | Y |
| Latin capital letter Y | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | Z |
| Latin capital letter Z | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | [ |
| left square bracket | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | \ |
| reverse solidus | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | ] |
| right square bracket | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | ^ |
| circumflex accent | _ | _ | _ | _ | low line |
| 96 | ` | ` | ` | ` | grave accent |
| 97 | a | a | a | a | Latin small letter a |
| 98 | b | b | b | b | Latin small letter b |
| 99 | c | c | c | c | Latin small letter c |
| 100 | d | d | d | d | Latin small letter d |
| 101 | e | e | e | e | Latin small letter e |
| 102 | f | f | f | f | Latin small letter f |
| 103 | g | g | g | g | Latin small letter g |
| 104 | h | h | h | h | Latin small letter h |
| 105 | i | i | i | i | Latin small letter i |
| 106 | j | j | j | j | Latin small letter j |
| 107 | k | k | k | k | Latin small letter k |
| 108 | l | l | l | l | Latin small letter l |
| 109 | m | m | m | m | Latin small letter m |
| 110 | n | n | n | n | Latin small letter n |
| 111 | o | o | o | o | Latin small letter o |
| 112 | p | p | p | p | Latin small letter p |
| 113 | q | q | q | q | Latin small letter q |
| 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | r |
| Latin small letter r | 115 | 115 | 115 | 115 | s |
| Latin small letter s | 116 | 116 | 116 | 116 | t |
| Latin small letter t | 117 | 117 | 117 | 117 | u |
| Latin small letter u | 118 | 118 | 118 | 118 | v |
| Latin small letter v | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | w |
| Latin small letter w | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 | x |
| Latin small letter x | 121 | 121 | 121 | 121 | y |
| Latin small letter y | 122 | 122 | 122 | 122 | z |
| Latin small letter z | 123 | 123 | 123 | 123 | { |
| left curly bracket | | | | | | | | | vertical line |
| 125 | } | } | } | } | right curly bracket |
| 126 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | tilde |
| 127 | DEL | ||||
| 128 | | euro sign | |||
| 129 | | | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |
| 130 | | single low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 131 | | Latin small letter f with hook | |||
| 132 | | double low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 133 | horizontal ellipsis | ||||
| 134 | | dagger | |||
| 135 | | double dagger | |||
| 136 | | modifier letter circumflex accent | |||
| 137 | | per mille sign | |||
| 138 | | Latin capital letter S with caron | |||
| 139 | | single left-pointing angle quotation mark | |||
| 140 | | Latin capital ligature OE | |||
| 141 | | | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |
| 142 | | Latin capital letter Z with caron | |||
| 143 | | | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |
| 144 | | | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |
| 145 | | left single quotation mark | |||
| 146 | | right single quotation mark | |||
| 147 | | left double quotation mark | |||
| 148 | | right double quotation mark | |||
| 149 | | bullet | |||
| 150 | | en dash | |||
| 151 | | 149 | |||
| | bullet | | |||
| en dash | | em dash | |||
| 152 | | small tilde | |||
| 153 | | trade mark sign | |||
| 154 | | Latin small letter s with caron | |||
| 155 | | | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |
| 156 | | Latin small ligature oe | |||
| 157 | | NOT USED | |||
| 158 | | ||||
| Latin small letter z with caron | 159 | 159 | 159 | | |
| Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis | 160 | 160 | 160 | no-break space | |
| ¡ | inverted exclamation mark | inverted exclamation mark | inverted exclamation mark | ¢ | |
| cent sign | £ | £ | £ | pound sign | |
| ¤ | currency sign | currency sign | currency sign | ¥ | |
| yen sign | 166 | 166 | 166 | ¦ | |
| broken bar | 167 | 167 | 167 | § | |
| section sign | 168 | 168 | 168 | ¨ | |
| diaeresis | 169 | 169 | 169 | © | |
| copyright sign | 170 | 170 | 170 | ª | |
| feminine ordinal indicator | 171 | 171 | 171 | « | |
| left-pointing double angle quotation mark | 172 | 172 | 172 | ¬ | |
| not sign | | | | soft hyphen | |
| 174 | ® | ® | ® | registered sign | |
| 175 | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | macron | |
| 176 | ° | ° | ° | degree sign | |
| 177 | ± | ± | ± | plus-minus sign | |
| 178 | ² | ² | ² | superscript two | |
| 179 | ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript three | |
| 180 | ´ | ´ | ´ | acute accent | |
| 181 | µ | µ | µ | micro sign | |
| 182 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | pilcrow sign | |
| 183 | · | · | · | middle dot | |
| 184 | ¸ | ¸ | ¸ | cedilla | |
| 185 | ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript one | |
| 186 | º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator | |
| 187 | » | » | » | right-pointing double angle quotation mark | |
| 188 | ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | vulgar fraction one quarter | |
| 189 | ½ | ½ | ½ | vulgar fraction one half | |
| 190 | ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | vulgar fraction three quarters | |
| 191 | ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark | |
| 192 | À | À | À | Latin capital letter A with grave | |
| 193 | Á | Á | Á | Latin capital letter A with acute | |
| 194 | Â | Â | Â | Latin capital letter A with circumflex | |
| 195 | Ã | Ã | Ã | Latin capital letter A with tilde | |
| 196 | Ä | Ä | Ä | Latin capital letter A with diaeresis | |
| 197 | Å | Å | Å | Latin capital letter A with ring above | |
| 198 | Æ | Æ | Æ | Latin capital letter AE | |
| 199 | Ç | Ç | Ç | Latin capital letter C with cedilla | |
| 200 | È | È | È | Latin capital letter E with grave | |
| 201 | É | É | É | Latin capital letter E with acute | |
| 202 | Ê | Ê | Ê | Latin capital letter E with circumflex | |
| 203 | Ë | Ë | Ë | Latin capital letter E with diaeresis | |
| 204 | Ì | Ì | Ì | Latin capital letter I with grave | |
| 205 | Í | Í | Í | Latin capital letter I with acute | |
| 206 | Î | Î | Î | Latin capital letter I with circumflex | |
| 207 | Ï | Ï | Ï | Latin capital letter I with diaeresis | |
| 208 | Ð | Ð | Ð | Latin capital letter Eth | |
| 209 | Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | Latin capital letter N with tilde | |
| 210 | Ò | Ò | Ò | Latin capital letter O with grave | |
| 211 | Ó | Ó | Ó | Latin capital letter O with acute | |
| 212 | Ô | Ô | Ô | Latin capital letter O with circumflex | |
| 213 | Õ | Õ | Õ | Latin capital letter O with tilde | |
| 214 | Ö | Ö | Ö | Latin capital letter O with diaeresis | |
| 215 | × | × | × | multiplication sign | |
| 216 | Ø | Ø | Ø | Latin capital letter O with stroke | |
| 217 | Ù | Ù | Ù | Latin capital letter U with grave | |
| 218 | Ú | Ú | Ú | Latin capital letter U with acute | |
| 219 | Û | Û | Û | Latin capital letter U with circumflex | |
| 220 | Ü | Ü | Ü | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis | |
| 221 | Ý | Ý | Ý | Latin capital letter Y with acute | |
| 222 | Þ | Þ | Þ | Latin capital letter Thorn | |
| 223 | ß | ß | ß | Latin small letter sharp s | |
| 224 | à | à | à | Latin small letter a with grave | |
| 225 | á | á | á | Latin small letter a with acute | |
| 226 | â | â | â | Latin small letter a with circumflex | |
| 227 | ã | ã | ã | Latin small letter a with tilde | |
| 228 | ä | ä | ä | Latin small letter a with diaeresis | |
| 229 | å | å | å | Latin small letter a with ring above | |
| 230 | æ | æ | æ | Latin small letter ae | |
| 231 | ç | ç | ç | Latin small letter c with cedilla | |
| 232 | è | è | è | Latin small letter e with grave | |
| 233 | é | é | é | Latin small letter e with acute | |
| 234 | ê | ê | ê | Latin small letter e with circumflex | |
| 235 | ë | ë | ë | Latin small letter e with diaeresis | |
| 236 | ì | ì | ì | Latin small letter i with grave | |
| 237 | í | í | í | Latin small letter i with acute | |
| 238 | î | î | î | Latin small letter i with circumflex | |
| 239 | ï | ï | ï | Latin small letter i with diaeresis | |
| 240 | ð | ð | ð | Latin small letter eth | |
| 241 | ñ | ñ | ñ | Latin small letter n with tilde | |
| 242 | ò | ò | ò | Latin small letter o with grave | |
| 243 | ó | ó | ó | Latin small letter o with acute | |
| 244 | ô | ô | ô | Latin small letter o with circumflex | |
| 245 | õ | õ | õ | Latin small letter o with tilde | |
| 246 | ö | ö | ö | Latin small letter o with diaeresis | |
| 247 | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division sign | |
| 248 | ø | ø | ø | Latin small letter o with stroke | |
| 249 | ù | ù | ù | Latin small letter u with grave | |
| 250 | ú | ú | ú | Latin small letter u with acute | |
| 251 | û | û | û | Latin small letter with circumflex | |
| 252 | ü | ü | ü | Latin small letter u with diaeresis | |
| 253 | ý | ý | ý | Latin small letter y with acute | |
| 254 | þ | þ | þ | Latin small letter thorn | |
| 255 | ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | Latin small letter y with diaeresis |
ASCII ਚਾਰਕਟ ਸੈੱਟ
ASCII ਵਿੱਚ 0 ਤੋਂ 31 (ਅਤੇ 127) ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੰਟਰੋਲ ਚਾਰਕਟ ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ。
ASCII 32 ਤੋਂ 126 ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਖਰ, ਨੰਬਰ ਅਤੇ ਚਿਹਨ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਨਿਧਤ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ
ASCII 128 ਤੋਂ 255 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਦਾ
ANSI ਅਕਸ਼ਰਮੰਡਲ (Windows-1252)
0 ਤੋਂ 127 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, ANSI ASCII ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
ANSI ਇੱਕ ਸਮਰੱਥਾ ਵਾਲੇ ਅਕਸ਼ਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਮੂਹ ਰੱਖਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲ 128 ਤੋਂ 159 ਤੱਕ ਹਨ
160 ਤੋਂ 255 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, ANSI UTF-8 ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
ISO-8859-1 ਅਕਸ਼ਰਮੰਡਲ
0 ਤੋਂ 127 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, 8859-1 ASCII ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
8859-1 128 ਤੋਂ 159 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਦਾ
160 ਤੋਂ 255 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, 8859-1 UTF-8 ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
UTF-8 ਅਕਸ਼ਰਮੰਡਲ
0 ਤੋਂ 127 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, UTF-8 ASCII ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
UTF-8 12 8 ਤੋਂ 159 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ ਵਰਤਦਾ
160 ਤੋਂ 255 ਤੱਕ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਲਾਂ ਲਈ, UTF-8 ANSI ਅਤੇ 8859-1 ਨਾਲ ਸਮਾਨ ਹੈ
UTF-8 ਮੁੱਲ 256 ਤੋਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ 10000 ਤੋਂ ਵੱਧ ਵੱਖੋ-ਵੱਖਰੇ ਅਕਸ਼ਰ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਹਨ
ਅਧਿਕ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਨ ਲਈ, ਸਾਡੇ ਪੂਰੇ HTML ਅਕਸ਼ਰਮੰਡਲ ਪਰੇਖਾ ਮੈਨੂਅਲ ਦੇਖੋ
@charset CSS ਰੂਲ
ਤੁਸੀਂ CSS @charset ਰੂਲ ਦੀ ਮਦਦ ਨਾਲ ਸਟਾਈਲ ਸ਼ੇਟ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਰਤੇ ਗਏ ਅਕਸ਼ਰ ਇੰਕੋਡਿੰਗ ਨੂੰ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਿਤ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ
ਉਦਾਹਰਣ
ਸਟਾਈਲ ਸ਼ੇਟ ਦੀ ਇੰਕੋਡਿੰਗ ਨੂੰ Unicode UTF-8 ਸੈਟ ਕਰੋ:
@charset "UTF-8";
ਸਾਡੇ CSS ਪਰੇਖਾ ਮੈਨੂਅਲ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰੋ CSS @charset ਰੂਲ ਦੇ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ
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- ਅਗਲਾ ਪੰਨਾ HTML URL
